The rolled steel "profile" or cross section of steel columns takes the shape of the letter "I". The two wide flanges of a column are thicker and wider than the flanges on a beam, to better withstand compressive stress in the structure. Square and round tubular sections of steel can also be used, often filled with concrete. Steel beams are connected to the columns with bolts and threaded fasteners, and historically connected by rivets. The central "web" of the steel I-beams is often wider than a column web to resist the higher bending moments that occur in beams.
Wide sheets of steel deck can be used to cover the top of the Steel Frame as a "form" or corrugated mold, below a thick layer of concrete and steel reinforcing bars. Another popular alternative is a floor of precast concrete flooring units with some form of concrete topping. Often in office buildings, the final floor surface is provided by some form of raised flooring system with the void between the walking surface and the structural floor being used for cables and air handling ducts.
The frame needs to be protected from fire because steel softens at high temperature and this can cause the building to partially collapse. In the case of the columns this is usually done by encasing it in some form of fire resistant structure such as masonry, concrete or plasterboard. The beams may be cased in concrete, plasterboard or sprayed with a coating to insulate it from the heat of the fire or it can be protected by a fire-resistant ceiling construction. Asbestos was a popular material for fireproofing Steel Structures up until the early 1970s, before the health risks of asbestos fibres were fully understood.
The exterior "skin" of the building is anchored to the frame using a variety of construction techniques and following a huge variety of architectural styles. Bricks, stone, reinforced concrete, architectural glass, sheet metal and simply paint have been used to cover the frame to protect the steel from the weather.
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It is reported that the ship will be propelled and powered by six Wärtsilä 31DF dual-fuel engines, mainly powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG). This diesel engine has been certified by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's most efficient four-stroke diesel engine, and the dual fuel version is the first to be applied to ships. The use of liquefied natural gas enables high efficiency, low fuel consumption and low emissions, which will reduce operating costs and minimize environmental impact.
Wärtsilä will provide a LNG fuel storage and supply system, an advanced compact silencer system (CSS), a high quality bow thruster, ballast water management system (BWMS) and its Nacos Platinum integrated navigation system. Among them, Nacos Platinum integrates several functions into the navigation system, and the crew can drive, control and monitor the vessel from multiple positions on the ship, providing unique flexibility and convenience. Wärtsilä's ballast water management system makes the ballast water discharged without invasive species hazards. The Ballast Water Convention entered into force in September 2017 and imposes mandatory requirements on emissions from all vessels.
The total scope of supply also includes the newly launched Wärtsilä SmartPredict system. The new system is designed to predict the position and direction of the vessel, providing a safer and more efficient solution for its operation. It provides advanced dynamic predictions based on time points by assessing the wind and ocean forces affecting the ship.
“As early as 2013, Viking Line's Viking Grace used the Wärtsilä dual-fuel engine to become the world's largest passenger ship using LNG. The ferry operation has entered a new era. This Viking project is another A milestone, it is the first ship to be equipped with the efficient Wärtsilä 31DF engine. Both projects demonstrate the value that our expertise and technology can bring to our customers.†Wärtsilä Marine and Marine Solutions Roger Holm said.
Jan Hanses, President and CEO of Viking Line, said: “The value of using the Wärtsilä LNG engine to operate the vessel has been successful through the Viking Grace project. In addition, the LNG fuel system meets our safety and ongoing operational requirements. So we don't hesitate to work with Wärtsilä on this project again."
From the beginning of 2021, the new ship will operate in the Baltic Sea between Turku, Finland and Sweden. This is the first LNG ferry of the same size and standard built in China.
Wärtsilä will provide engines and other supporting systems for a ferry
The Wärtsilä Group will supply engines, navigation systems and a range of products and systems for the new luxury and environmentally friendly ferries of the Finnish ship owner Viking Line. Currently, the ferry is being built at the shipyard of Xiamen Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., China, and the Viking Line will likely build another ferry. Wärtsilä received the order in October 2017.